This marks a secondary event that is asserted as the reason for the main event or state.

- [ex 001 "I went outside [p en/because_of Explanation] the smell."]

- [ex 002 "The rain is [p en/due_to Explanation] a cold front."]

- [ex 003 "He reacted [p en/out_of Explanation--Source] anger. ([ss Explanation--Source])"]

- [ex 004 "He thanked her [p en/for Explanation] the cookies."]

- [ex 005 "Thank you [p en/for Explanation] being so helpful."]

When a preposition like [p en/after] is used and the relation is temporal as well as causal, construal captures the overlap. While [p en/since] and [p en/as] can also be temporal, there are tokens where they cannot be paraphrased respectively with [p en/after] and <i>when</i>:

- [ex 006 "I joined a protest [p en/after Explanation--Time] the shameful vote in Congress. ([ss Explanation--Time])"]

- [ex 007 "Her popularity has grown [p en/since Explanation--Time] she announced a bid for president. ([ss Explanation--Time])"]

- [ex 008 "I will appoint him <u>[p en/since Explanation]</u>/<u>[p en/as Explanation]</u>/<u>#after</u>/<u>#when</u> he is most qualified for the job. ([ss Explanation])"]

Question test: [ss Explanation] and its subtype [ss Purpose] license <i>Why?</i> questions.