Discourse connectives and other markers that transition between ideas or convey speaker attitude/hedging/emphasis/attribution but do not belong to propositional content. Examples include:

- [ex 001 "[p en/according_to `d]; <i>[p en/after `d]\_all</i>, <i>[p en/of `d]\_course</i>, <i>[p en/by `d]\_the_way</i>; <i>[p en/for `d]\_chrissake</i> (interjection); <i>[p en/above `d]\_all</i>, <i>[p en/to `d]\_boot</i>; <i>[p en/in `d]\_other_words</i>, <i>[p en/on `d]\_the_other_hand</i>; <i>[p en/in `d] my experience</i>, <i>[p en/in `d]\_my_opinion</i>"]

This label also covers “additive focusing markers”
([Huddleston and Pullum, 2002](/bib/huddleston_and_pullum_2002/), p. 592) with a meaning similar to ‘also’ or ‘too’, where an item is added to something already established in the discourse:

- [ex 002 "I shot the sheriff [p en/as `d]\_well."]

- [ex 003 "They serve coffee, and tea [p en/as `d]\_well."]

It also covers topicalization markers:

- [ex 004 "[pspecial As_for en/as_for `d] the sheriff, well, I shot ’im."]

Finally, [ss `d] applies to adpositions relating a metalinguistic mention of a speech act to the speech content itself—whether the adposition introduces this speech act mention, as in [exref 005 `d], or links the discourse expression to a subordinate statement, as in [exref 006 `d].

- [ex 005 "[pspecial To en/to `d] sum it up: It was a terrible experience."]

- [ex 006 "I will sum it up [p en/with `d]: It was a terrible experience."]